According to the function of natural heart valves, an artificial heart valve works in accordance with a number of very important physical principles that permit the right blood flow and avoid backflow. These core physical principles underlying this are as follows:

1. Fluid Dynamics: Blood Flow

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow: The flow of blood through an artificial valve should be well-streamlined or smooth, which is known as laminar, to reduce turbulence that may lead to clotting or injury of blood cells. Valve design is optimized with this objective in mind.

Flow and Pressure Gradient: The valve needs to allow the flow of blood at a flow rate appropriate for the body's requirements. There is a pressure gradient across the valve during the time of opening, and the valve needs to be designed in such a way as to minimize the resistance to the flow.

2. Mechanical Motion

Opening and Closure Mechanics: The valve should open and shut based on changes in pressure inside the heart chambers. It has to close tightly during back-pressure so as not to allow regurgitation or reverse flow and must open easily during forward flow.

Durability & Fatigue Resistance: Materials and structure of the valve must be able to withstand millions of open-close cycles over a patient's lifetime.

3. Pressure Dynamics

Pressure Gradient: When there is a pressure gradient between two chambers, for example, when the pressure in the left ventricle exceeds that of the aortic valve, opens; it closes upon the equilibration or reversal of the pressure in the chamber in which it separates.

Minimizing Transvalvular Pressure Gradient: A well-designed artifact has the ability to minimize the difference in pressure which it would require to open; hence, exerting less stress on the heart.

4. Material Science (Biocompatibility and Hemodynamics)

Thrombogenicity: The materials should be selected to avoid blood clots. Almost all valves are manufactured using biocompatible materials such as titanium or carbon-coated surfaces.

Wear Resistance: There is great friction in the artificial valves, which bears continuous motion and pressure changes; at the same time, they should not react with blood to avoid corrosion and rejection.

5. Elasticity and Flexibility

The deformation under pressure: the material of some of the artificial heart valves is flexible, like the elasticity of natural valves, that bend and deform in the flow of blood.

Snapback: the quick and full closure of the artificial valve on the reversal of flow will help in the prevention of backflow of blood.

6. Magnetic or Electromechanical Actuation-end

Some would apply magnetic and electromechanical forces in an attempt to help along the valve actuation for finer degrees of opening and closing, especially with assistive technologies in artificial heart valves.

Conclusion
In sum, such principles ensure that artificial heart valves function properly and do not significantly hamper correct blood circulation and possible complications of leakage or coagulation formation.