1. Leaflets (or Cusps):

Purpose: Designed to open and close with each heartbeat, allowing unidirectional blood flow. The shape, thickness, and material properties are carefully chosen to minimize wear and fatigue.

2. Valve Frame (or Stent):

Purpose: Provides structural support and holds the leaflets in place. The frame must withstand pressure and anchor securely within the heart.

3. Sewing Ring (or Suture Ring):

Purpose: Enables the surgeon to securely attach the valve to the heart tissue during surgery.

4. Annulus or Support Structure:

Purpose: Mimics the natural annulus of the heart, providing flexibility and stability, while preventing leaks around the valve.